MOLECULAR POLARITY / 02
What makes a molecule nonpolar?
A nonpolar molecule has no net electric dipole. It may have nonpolar bonds, or its polar bond dipoles may cancel because of the molecule’s shape.
Two ways to have no net dipole
Equal sharing: the atoms in N₂ are identical, so the bond has no permanent dipole. Cancellation: each C=O bond in CO₂ is polar, but its linear structure places two equal dipoles in opposite directions.
Shape matters more than a quick count of polar bonds. A symmetric molecule such as SF₆ can be nonpolar even though every S–F bond is polar.
Explore CO₂ in 3D ↗EXPLORE THE EXAMPLES
Nonpolar molecules
AlCl3Aluminum Trichloride↗BCl3Boron Trichloride↗BF3Boron Trifluoride↗Br2Bromine↗C2Cl4Tetrachloroethylene↗C2H2Acetylene↗C2H2Cl2trans-1,2-Dichloroethene↗C2H4Ethylene↗C2H6Ethane↗C2N2Cyanogen↗C3H6Cyclopropane↗C3H6Propene↗C3H8Propane↗C4H81-Butene↗C4H10Butane↗C5H10Cyclopentane↗C5H12Pentane↗C6H6Benzene↗C6H12Cyclohexane↗C6H14Hexane↗C7H8Toluene↗C8H8Styrene↗C8H10Ethylbenzene↗CBr4Carbon Tetrabromide↗CCl4Carbon Tetrachloride↗CF4Carbon Tetrafluoride↗CH4Methane↗Cl2Chlorine↗CO2Carbon Dioxide↗CS2Carbon Disulfide↗F2Fluorine↗H2Hydrogen↗I2Iodine↗N2Nitrogen↗O2Oxygen↗PCl5Phosphorus Pentachloride↗PF5Phosphorus Pentafluoride↗SF6Sulfur Hexafluoride↗SiBr4Silicon Tetrabromide↗SiCl4Silicon Tetrachloride↗SiF4Silicon Tetrafluoride↗SiH4Silane↗SO3Sulfur Trioxide↗XeF2Xenon Difluoride↗XeF4Xenon Tetrafluoride↗
Further reading: OpenStax Chemistry 2e, section 7.6.